27500007 IFB Addendum 1 North Franklin Sidewalk In-Fill Project

PROJECT MANUAL
North Franklin Street Sidewalk In-Fill Project
UPC 122104
EN22-154-269
TAP-5154-(124)
TOC IFB#: 27500007
CHRISTIANSBURG, VIRGINIA
August 25, 2026
The Town of Christiansburg does not discriminate against faith-based organizations in accordance with the
Code of Virginia, 2.2-4343.1 or against any bidder or offeror because of race, religion, color, sex, national
origin, age, disability, or any other basis prohibited by state law relating to discrimination in employment.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................... C-000-1
Advertisement for Bids ....................................................................................................................................... C-111-1
Suggested Instructions to Bidders ...................................................................................................................... C-200-1
Bid Form ............................................................................................................................................................. C-410-1
Bid Bond ............................................................................................................................................................. C-430-1
Notice of Award .................................................................................................................................................. C-510-1
Agreement Between Owner and Contractor for Construction Contract............................................................ C-520-1
Notice to Proceed ............................................................................................................................................... C-550-1
Performance Bond .............................................................................................................................................. C-610-1
Payment Bond .................................................................................................................................................... C-615-1
Contractors Application for Payment ................................................................................................................. C-620-1
Certificate of Substantial Completion ................................................................................................................. C-625-1
Notice of Acceptability of Work.......................................................................................................................... C-626-1
General Conditions of the Construction Contract .............................................................................................. C-700-1
Work Change Directive ....................................................................................................................................... C-940-1
Change Order ...................................................................................................................................................... C-941-1
Field Order .......................................................................................................................................................... C-942-1
Town of Christiansburg/General
* Good Housekeeping Manual
* Certificate Regarding Debarment
* Non-Collusion Affidavit
* Certificate of Workers Compensation Insurance Form 61A
VDOT FORMS & SPECIFICATIONS
* Form C-48 (Subcontractor/Supplier Solicitation and Utilization Form)
* Form C-49
* Form C-56 Statement of Compliance
* Form C-104
* Form C-105
* Form C-110
* Form C-111
* Form C-112F
FEDERAL FORMS, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, & SPECIFICATIONS
* cn100-000026-09 VDOT SUPPLEMENTAL SPECS (SSs), SPECIAL PROV. (SPs) AND SPECIAL PROV. COPIED
NOTES (SPCNs) (Local Assistance)
* SP0F0-000100-00 PREDETERMINED MINIMUM WAGE RATES (Wage Rates)
* U.S. DOL Wage Letter
* VA20250180 Davis-Bacon Wage Rate - Montgomery County, Virginia
* SP0F0-000130-02 FHWA 1273-REQUIRED CONTRACT PROVISIONS, FEDERAL-AID CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACTS
* SP0F0-000150-01 NOTICE OF REQUIREMENT FOR AFFIRMATIVE ACTION TO ENSURE EQUAL EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNITY (Federal Executive Orders 11246 & 13672)
* SP100-000051-00 CHANGED CONDITIONS FOR LOCAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS
C-000
Page 1

* cn103-000100-01 AWARD OF CONTRACT Federal Funded
* cn105-000140-00 MAINTENANCE DURING CONSTRUCTION
* cn105-000150-00 SECURITY COMPLIANCE AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PORTABLE
CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS
* SQ105-000611-01 SECTION 105.06-SUBCONTRACTING (FEDERAL FUNDED PROJECTS)
* cq107-000130-00 DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE
* SP107-000120-00 Electronic Submission of Payrolls and DBE Payments
* SP107-003100-00 USE OF DOMESTIC MATERIAL (Buy America)
* SQ107-001300-00 SP for Prevailing Wage Rate (Fed Funded)
* SP109-000100-05 ASPHALT MATERIAL PRICE ADJUSTMENT
* SS109-002020-01 SECTION 109- Measurement and Payment
* cn221-000100-00 Guardrail
* SS211-002020-03 Asphalt Concrete
* SS220-002020-01 Concrete Curing Materials
* SS223-002020-02 Steel Reinforcement
* SS234-002020-01 SECTION 234 Supplemental Specification
* SS235-002020-01 Section 235 - Retroreflectors
* SS236-002020-01 Wood Products
* SS246-002020-02 Section 246 - Pavement Markings
* SS248-002020-02 Stone Matrix Asphalt Concrete
* SS305-002020-02 Subgrade and Shoulders
* SS308-002020-01 Subbase Course
* SS309-002020-01 Aggregate Base Course
* SS315-002020-05 Section 315-Asphalt Concrete Placement
* SS317-002020-01 Stone Matrix Asphalt Concrete Placement
* SS318-002020-01 Pavement Interlayers
* SS319-002020-02 Thin Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Overlay
* SS321-002020-02 Trench Widening
* SS407-002020-02 STEEL AND OTHER METAL STRUCTURES
* SS411-002020-01 PROTECTIVE COATING OF METAL IN STRUCTURES
* SS512-002020-03 SECTION 512 - MAINTAINING TRAFFIC
* SS704-002020-02 SECTION 704 - PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS
Technical Specifications (by reference)
This project shall be constructed according to:
* The Town of Christiansburg Standard Details, most recent version;
* The Virginia Department of Transportation Road and Bridge Specifications, dated 2020;
* The Virginia Department of Transportation Road and Bridge Standards, dated 2016;
* The January 2026 edition of the Virginia Work Area Protection Manual, version 11.0;
* The 2026 Virginia manual of uniform traffic control devices (MUTCD), Version 11.0
* and the Special Provisions and Supplemental Information
Supplemental Information
If a conflict is discovered between Town/EJCDC contract language, VDOT/State Requirements, Federal Contracting
Provisions, specifications, supplemental specifications, or special provisions, the Federal requirements or most
conservative document will take precedence.

Town of Christiansburg
Christiansburg, VA
North Franklin Street Sidewalk In-fill Project
ADVERTISEMENT FOR BIDS
Sealed Bids for the construction of North Franklin Street Sidewalk In-fill Project will be received by THE
TOWN OF CHRISTIANSBURG at the office of the PROCUREMENT OFFICER, until 3:00 PM local time on
September 29th, 2026, at which time the Bids received will be publicly opened and read. The Project consists
of sidewalk and curb ramp improvements meeting ADA standards, asphalt mill and overlay, curb and gutter,
storm drainage, traffic and pedestrian signals, pavement markings and signing, and associated
appurtenances.
Bids will be received for a single prime Contract. Bids shall be on a unit price basis. The DBE Goal for this
procurement is set at 0%.
Bidding Documents, including the project plans, are available at https://eva.virginia.gov/ as well as
https://www.christiansburg.org/bids.aspx.
Bid Security in the amount of five (5) percent (%) of the Bid shall be submitted with each Bid.
The bidder must be a VDOT prequalified contractor. A list of VDOT prequalified contractors can be found at:
https://www.vdot.virginia.gov/media/vdotvirginiagov/doing-business/business-opportunities/highway-
contractors/Prequalified-List_acc.pdf
Sealed Bids must be received via in-person delivery, mail, or electronic submission through eVA, on or before
September 29th, 2026, at 3:00 PM, EST. If hand delivered or mailed, the time of receipt shall be determined
by the time clock stamp in the Purchasing Office. If submitted via eVA, time of receipt shall be determined by
the eVA submittal system time clock.
1. Responses should be signed and must be submitted with the provided attachments.
2. The Bidder must provide all exceptions to this Invitation for Bid in writing, to be included with the
Bid.
3. Bids received after the deadline will not be accepted.
To submit an online bid through eVA, refer to the online bidding instructions available at the following link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSxcAkOekW0. In order to submit an online bid through eVA the Bidder
should be a registered vendor in eVA. The Town is not responsible for establishing vendors in eVA. Bidders
are advised that the process of becoming an established vendor in eVA may take several days. If the Bidder
encounters any issues submitting an online bid through eVA, the Bidder should contact eVA Customer Care
for assistance.
**Note: The eVA submittal system cannot accept file sizes larger than 60MB**
There will not be a pre-bid conference for this project. Any questions may be submitted to
jmiddleton@christiansburg.org by 5:00 PM, EST on September 4th, 2026. Questions submitted on or before
this deadline will be answered via addendum by 5:00 PM, EST on September 11th, 2026.
+ + END OF ADVERTISEMENT FOR BIDS + +
EJCDC(R) C-111, Suggested Advertisement for Bids for Construction Contracts.
Copyright (C) 2013 National Society of Professional Engineers, American Council of Engineering Companies,
and American Society of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved. Page 1

SUGGESTED INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ARTICLE 1 - Defined Terms ........................................................................................................................... 1
ARTICLE 2 - Copies of Bidding Documents ................................................................................................... 1
ARTICLE 3 - Qualifications of Bidders ........................................................................................................... 1
ARTICLE 4 - Site and Other Areas; Existing Site Conditions; Examination of Site; Owner's Safety Program;
Other Work at the Site .................................................................................................................................. 2
ARTICLE 5 - Bidder's Representations .......................................................................................................... 3
ARTICLE 6 - Pre-Bid Conference ................................................................................................................... 4
ARTICLE 7 - Interpretations and Addenda .................................................................................................... 4
ARTICLE 8 - Bid Security ............................................................................................................................... 5
ARTICLE 9 - Contract Times .......................................................................................................................... 5
ARTICLE 10 - Liquidated Damages ................................................................................................................ 5
ARTICLE 11 - Substitute and "Or-Equal" Items............................................................................................. 5
ARTICLE 12 - Subcontractors, Suppliers, and Others ................................................................................... 6
ARTICLE 13 - Preparation of Bid ................................................................................................................... 6
ARTICLE 14 - Basis of Bid .............................................................................................................................. 7
ARTICLE 15 - Submittal of Bid ....................................................................................................................... 7
ARTICLE 16 - Modification and Withdrawal of Bid ....................................................................................... 8
ARTICLE 17 - Opening of Bids ....................................................................................................................... 8
ARTICLE 18 - Bids to Remain Subject to Acceptance ................................................................................... 8
ARTICLE 19 - Evaluation of Bids and Award of Contract .............................................................................. 8
ARTICLE 20 - Bonds and Insurance ............................................................................................................... 9
ARTICLE 21 - Signing of Agreement .............................................................................................................. 9
ARTICLE 22 - Retainage ................................................................................................................................ 9
EJCDC(R) C-200 (Rev. 1), Suggested Instructions to Bidders for Construction Contracts.
Copyright (C) 2013 National Society of Professional Engineers, American Council of Engineering Companies,
and American Society of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved. Page i

ARTICLE 1 - DEFINED TERMS
1.01 Terms used in these Instructions to Bidders have the meanings indicated in the General
Conditions and Supplementary Conditions. Additional terms used in these Instructions to
Bidders have the meanings indicated below:
A. Issuing Office - The office from which the Bidding Documents are to be issued.
B. Bidder-An individual or entity that submits a Bid to Owner.
C. Successful Bidder-The Bidder whose Bid the Owner accepts, and to which the Owner
makes an award of contract, subject to stated conditions.
ARTICLE 2 - COPIES OF BIDDING DOCUMENTS
2.01 Complete sets of the Bidding Documents may be obtained from the Issuing Office in the number
and format stated in the advertisement or invitation to bid.
2.02 Complete sets of Bidding Documents shall be used in preparing Bids; neither Owner nor
Engineer assumes any responsibility for errors or misinterpretations resulting from the use of
incomplete sets of Bidding Documents.
2.03 Owner and Engineer, in making copies of Bidding Documents available on the above terms, do
so only for the purpose of obtaining Bids for the Work and do not authorize or confer a license
for any other use.
ARTICLE 3 - QUALIFICATIONS OF BIDDERS
3.01 Owner will perform a preliminary evaluation of the bids for responsiveness and errors and
determine the apparent low bidder prior to submittal to VDOT for bid review and final
authorization. There is no requirement on a minimum number of bidders in order to award. Any
determination that a bid is non-responsive must be documented and kept in the project file for
a minimum of three years after the financial close-out of the project. The following lists some,
but not all, reasons a bid may be deemed unresponsive:
(1) Failure to sign the bid or the bid is signed by an unauthorized individual;
(2) Failure to furnish or sign a required bid bond;
(3) Failure to submit a price for each bid item;
(4) Failure to commit to DBE goals or demonstrate a good faith effort to do so, if required in the
IFB;
(5) Failure to be prequalified, if required in the IFB;
(6) The apparent low-bid is excessively over/under the engineer's estimate.
(7) Any other requirements set forth in the Invitation to Bid, including special qualifications of
potential contractors, life-cycle costing, value analysis, and any other criteria such as inspection,
testing, quality, workmanship, delivery, suitability for a particular purpose, outstanding or
unresolved claims, litigation, and failure to pay subcontractors, which are helpful in determining
acceptability. (See Va. Code 2.2-4302.1).
Owner must consult with the VDOT Project Coordinator and obtain concurrence from VDOT
when making a determination that an apparent low-bidder is non-responsive.
EJCDC(R) C-200 (Rev. 1), Suggested Instructions to Bidders for Construction Contracts.
Copyright (C) 2013 National Society of Professional Engineers, American Council of Engineering Companies,
and American Society of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved. Page 1

3.02 Bidder qualification requirements shall be limited to those established through the Virginia
Department of Transportation's prequalification process. No additional bidder qualification
requirements shall be used to determine bidder responsibility or eligibility for award.
3.03 Bidder is advised to carefully review those portions of the Bid Form requiring Bidder's
representations and certifications.
ARTICLE 4 - SITE AND OTHER AREAS; EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS; EXAMINATION OF SITE; OWNER'S
SAFETY PROGRAM; OTHER WORK AT THE SITE
4.01 Site and Other Areas
A. The Site is identified in the Bidding Documents. By definition, the Site includes rights-of-
way, easements, and other lands furnished by Owner for the use of the Contractor. Any
additional lands required for temporary construction facilities, construction equipment, or
storage of materials and equipment, and any access needed for such additional lands, are
to be obtained and paid for by Contractor.
4.02 Existing Site Conditions
A. Subsurface and Physical Conditions; Hazardous Environmental Conditions
1. The Supplementary Conditions identify:
a. those reports known to Owner of explorations and tests of subsurface conditions
at or adjacent to the Site.
b. those drawings known to Owner of physical conditions relating to existing surface
or subsurface structures at the Site (except Underground Facilities).
c. reports and drawings known to Owner relating to Hazardous Environmental
Conditions that have been identified at or adjacent to the Site.
d. Technical Data contained in such reports and drawings.
2. Owner will make copies of reports and drawings referenced above available to any
Bidder on request. These reports and drawings are not part of the Contract
Documents, but the Technical Data contained therein upon whose accuracy Bidder is
entitled to rely use, as provided in the General Conditions, has been identified and
established in the Supplementary Conditions. Bidder is responsible for any
interpretation or conclusion Bidder draws from any Technical Data or any other data,
interpretations, opinions, or information contained in such reports or shown or
indicated in such drawings.
3. If the Supplementary Conditions do not identify Technical Data, the default definition
of Technical Data set forth in Article 1 of the General Conditions will apply.
B. Underground Facilities: Information and data shown or indicated in the Bidding Documents
with respect to existing Underground Facilities at or adjacent to the Site are set forth in the
Contract Documents and are based upon information and data furnished to Owner and
Engineer by owners of such Underground Facilities, including Owner, or others.
C. Adequacy of Data: Provisions concerning responsibilities for the adequacy of data furnished
to prospective Bidders with respect to subsurface conditions, other physical conditions, and
Underground Facilities, and possible changes in the Bidding Documents due to differing or
unanticipated subsurface or physical conditions appear in Paragraphs 5.03, 5.04, and 5.05
of the General Conditions. Provisions concerning responsibilities for the adequacy of data
EJCDC(R) C-200 (Rev. 1), Suggested Instructions to Bidders for Construction Contracts.
Copyright (C) 2013 National Society of Professional Engineers, American Council of Engineering Companies,
and American Society of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved. Page 2

furnished to prospective Bidders with respect to a Hazardous Environmental Condition at
the Site, if any, and possible changes in the Contract Documents due to any Hazardous
Environmental Condition uncovered or revealed at the Site which was not shown or
indicated in the Drawings or Specifications or identified in the Contract Documents to be
within the scope of the Work, appear in Paragraph 5.06 of the General Conditions.
4.03 Site Visit and Testing by Bidders
A. Bidder shall may conduct the required Site visit during normal working hours, and shall not
disturb any ongoing operations at the Site. Bidder shall be responsible for ascertaining
pertinent local conditions such as location, accessibility, general character of the site, and
the character and extent of existing work within or adjacent to the site. Claims, as a result
of failure to do so, will not be considered by the Town.
B. Bidder is not required to conduct any subsurface testing, or exhaustive investigations of
Site conditions.
C. On request, and to the extent Owner has control over the Site, and schedule permitting,
the Owner will provide Bidder access to the Site to conduct such additional examinations,
investigations, explorations, tests, and studies as Bidder deems necessary for preparing and
submitting a successful Bid. Owner will not have any obligation to grant such access if doing
so is not practical because of existing operations, security or safety concerns, or restraints
on Owner's authority regarding the Site.
D. Bidder shall comply with all applicable Laws and Regulations regarding excavation and
location of utilities, obtain all permits, and comply with all terms and conditions established
by Owner or by property owners or other entities controlling the Site with respect to
schedule, access, existing operations, security, liability insurance, and applicable safety
programs.
E. Bidder shall fill all holes and clean up and restore the Site to its former condition upon
completion of such explorations, investigations, tests, and studies.
4.04 Owner's Safety Program
A. Site visits and work at the Site may be governed by an Owner safety program. As the
General Conditions indicate, if an Owner safety program exists, it will be noted in the
Supplementary Conditions.
4.05 Other Work at the Site
A. Reference is made to Article 8 of the Supplementary Conditions for the identification of the
general nature of other work of which Owner is aware (if any) that is to be performed at
the Site by Owner or others (such as utilities and other prime contractors) and relates to
the Work contemplated by these Bidding Documents. If Owner is party to a written
contract for such other work, then on request, Owner will provide to each Bidder access to
examine such contracts (other than portions thereof related to price and other confidential
matters), if any.
ARTICLE 5 - BIDDER'S REPRESENTATIONS
5.01 It is the responsibility of each Bidder before submitting a Bid to:
A. examine and carefully study the Bidding Documents, and any data and reference items
identified in the Bidding Documents;
EJCDC(R) C-200 (Rev. 1), Suggested Instructions to Bidders for Construction Contracts.
Copyright (C) 2013 National Society of Professional Engineers, American Council of Engineering Companies,
and American Society of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved. Page 3

B. visit the Site, conduct a thorough, alert visual examination of the Site and adjacent areas,
and become familiar with and satisfy itself as to the general, local, and Site conditions that
may affect cost, progress, and performance of the Work;
C. become familiar with and satisfy itself as to all Laws and Regulations that may affect cost,
progress, and performance of the Work;
D. consider the information known to Bidder itself; information commonly known to
contractors doing business in the locality of the Site; information and observations
obtained from visits to the Site; the Bidding Documents; and the Site-related reports and
drawings identified in the Bidding Documents, with respect to the effect of such
information, observations, and documents on (1) the cost, progress, and performance of
the Work; (2) the means, methods, techniques, sequences, and procedures of construction
to be employed by Bidder; and (3) Bidder's safety precautions and programs;
E. agree, based on the information and observations referred to in the preceding paragraph,
that at the time of submitting its Bid no further examinations, investigations, explorations,
tests, studies, or data are necessary for the determination of its Bid for performance of the
Work at the price bid and within the times required, and in accordance with the other
terms and conditions of the Bidding Documents;
F. become aware of the general nature of the work to be performed by Owner and others at
the Site that relates to the Work as indicated in the Bidding Documents;
G. promptly give Engineer written notice of all conflicts, errors, ambiguities, or discrepancies
that Bidder discovers in the Bidding Documents and confirm that the written resolution
thereof by Engineer is acceptable to Bidder;
H. determine that the Bidding Documents are generally sufficient to indicate and convey
understanding of all terms and conditions for the performance and furnishing of the Work;
and
I. agree that the submission of a Bid will constitute an incontrovertible representation by
Bidder that Bidder has complied with every requirement of this Article, that without
exception the Bid and all prices in the Bid are premised upon performing and furnishing the
Work required by the Bidding Documents.
ARTICLE 6 - PRE-BID CONFERENCE
6.01 A pre-Bid conference will be held at the time and location stated in the invitation or
advertisement to bid. Representatives of Owner and Engineer will be present to discuss the
Project. Bidders are encouraged to attend and participate in the conference. Engineer will
transmit to all prospective Bidders of record such Addenda as Engineer considers necessary in
response to questions arising at the conference. Oral statements may not be relied upon and
will not be binding or legally effective.
ARTICLE 7 - INTERPRETATIONS AND ADDENDA
7.01 All questions about the meaning or intent of the Bidding Documents are to be submitted to
Engineer in writing. Interpretations or clarifications considered necessary by Engineer in
response to such questions will be issued by Addenda delivered to all parties recorded as having
received the Bidding Documents. Questions received less than seven ten (10) days prior to the
date for opening of Bids may not be answered. Only questions answered by Addenda will be
binding. Oral and other interpretations or clarifications will be without legal effect.
EJCDC(R) C-200 (Rev. 1), Suggested Instructions to Bidders for Construction Contracts.
Copyright (C) 2013 National Society of Professional Engineers, American Council of Engineering Companies,
and American Society of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved. Page 4

7.02 Addenda may be issued to clarify, correct, supplement, or change the Bidding Documents.
ARTICLE 8 - BID SECURITY
8.01 A Bid must be accompanied by Bid security made payable to Owner in an amount of five (5)
percent of Bidder's maximum Bid price (determined by adding the base bid and all alternates)
and in the form of a certified check, bank money order, or a Bid bond (on the form included in
the Bidding Documents) issued by a surety meeting the requirements of Paragraphs 6.01 and
6.02 of the General Conditions.
8.02 The Bid security of the apparent Successful Bidder will be retained until Owner awards the
contract to such Bidder, and such Bidder has executed the Contract Documents, furnished the
required contract security, and met the other conditions of the Notice of Award, whereupon the
Bid security will be released. If the Successful Bidder fails to execute and deliver the Contract
Documents and furnish the required contract security within 15 days after the Notice of Award,
Owner may consider Bidder to be in default, annul the Notice of Award, and the Bid security of
that Bidder will be forfeited. Such forfeiture shall be Owner's exclusive remedy if Bidder
defaults.
8.03 The Bid security of other Bidders that Owner believes to have a reasonable chance of receiving
the award may be retained by Owner until the earlier of seven days after the Effective Date of
the Contract or 61 days after the Bid opening, whereupon Bid security furnished by such Bidders
will be released.
8.04 Bid security of other Bidders that Owner believes do not have a reasonable chance of receiving
the award will be released within seven days after the Bid opening.
ARTICLE 9 - CONTRACT TIMES
9.01 The number of days within which, or the dates by which, the Work is to be substantially
completed, and completed and ready for final payment, are set forth in the Agreement.
ARTICLE 10 - LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
10.01 Provisions for liquidated damages, if any, for failure to timely attain a Milestone, Substantial
Completion, or completion of the Work in readiness for final payment, are set forth in the
Agreement.
ARTICLE 11 - SUBSTITUTE AND "OR-EQUAL" ITEMS
11.01 The Contract for the Work, as awarded, will be on the basis of materials and equipment
specified or described in the Bidding Documents without consideration during the bidding and
Contract award process of possible substitute or "or-equal" items. In cases in which the Contract
allows the Contractor to request that Engineer authorize the use of a substitute or "or-equal"
item of material or equipment, application for such acceptance may not be made to and will not
be considered by Engineer until after the Effective Date of the Contract.
11.02 All prices that Bidder sets forth in its Bid shall be based on the presumption that the Contractor
will furnish the materials and equipment specified or described in the Bidding Documents, as
supplemented by Addenda. Any assumptions regarding the possibility of post-Bid approvals of
"or-equal" or substitution requests are made at Bidder's sole risk.
EJCDC(R) C-200 (Rev. 1), Suggested Instructions to Bidders for Construction Contracts.
Copyright (C) 2013 National Society of Professional Engineers, American Council of Engineering Companies,
and American Society of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved. Page 5