BOND COUNSEL SERVICES

REQUEST for PROPOSAL # 967
PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL AND EXPERT SERVICES
Clark County Washington
RELEASE DATE: WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2026
DUE DATE: WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2026 by 11:00 am
LATE PROPOSALS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED - NO EXCEPTIONS
Request for Proposal for:
BOND COUNSEL SERVICES
SUBMIT:
One (1) Original
Four (4) Complete Copies
One (1) Complete Electronic Copy on USB/Flash Drive
of the Proposal to:
United Parcel Service / FedEx or Hand Delivery United States Postal Service
Clark County Not Available
ATTN: Office of Purchasing
1300 Franklin Street, 6th Floor, Suite 650
Vancouver WA 98660
564-397-2323
Office Hours: 8:00 am - 3:00 pm, Monday - Friday, except Legal Holidays.
No electronic mail submissions.
Refer Questions to Project Manager:
Clark County, WA local government agency is not affiliated with any group, business or other type of enterprise
that is not listed on our webpage at www.clark.wa.gov and emails must end in @clark.wa.gov.
Amira Ajami
Finance and Investment Manager/ Clark County Treasurer's Office
Amira.Ajami@clark.wa.gov
564-397-4456

General Terms and Conditions
ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS - Contractors shall comply with all management and restricting competition. This does not preclude or impede the formation of a consortium
administrative requirements established by Washington Administrative Code (WAC), the of companies and/or agencies for purposes of engaging in jointly sponsored proposals.
Revised Code of the State of Washington (RCW), and any subsequent amendments or
modifications, as applicable to providers licensed in the State of Washington. INTERLOCAL AGREEMENT - Clark County has made this RFP subject to Washington
State statute RCW 39.34. Therefore, the proposer may, at the proposers option, extend
ALL proposals submitted become the property of Clark County. It is understood and agreed identical prices and services to other public agencies wishing to participate in this RFP.
that the prospective Proposer claims no proprietary rights to the ideas and written materials Each public agency wishing to utilize this RFP will issue a purchase order (or contract)
contained in or attached to the proposal submitted. Clark County has the right to reject or binding only their agency. Each contract is between the proposer and the individual agency
accept proprietary information. with no liability to Clark County.
LIMITATION - This RFP does not commit Clark County to award a contract, to pay any
AUTHORSHIP - Applicants must identify any assistance provided by agencies or indivi-
costs incurred in the preparation of a response to this RFP, or to procure or contract for
duals outside the proposers own organization in preparing the proposal. No contingent
services or supplies.
fees for such assistance will be allowed to be paid under any contract resulting from this
RFP. LATE PROPOSALS - A proposal received after the date and time indicated above will not
be accepted. No exceptions will be made.
CANCELLATION OF AWARD - Clark County reserves the right to immediately cancel an
award if the contractual agreement has not been entered into by both parties or if new state ORAL PRESENTATIONS - An oral presentation may be required of those prospective
regulations or policy make it necessary to change the program purpose or content, contractors whose proposals are under consideration. Prospective contractors may be
discontinue such programs, or impose funding reductions. In those cases where informed that an oral presentation is desired and will be notified of the date, time and
negotiation of contract activities are necessary, Clark County reserves the right to limit the location the oral presentation is to be conducted.
period of negotiation to sixty (60) days after which time funds may be unencumbered.
OTHER AUDIT/MONITORING REQUIREMENTS - In addition, auditing or monitoring for
CONFIDENTIALLY - Proposer shall comply with all applicable state and federal laws the following purposes will be conducted at the discretion of Clark County: Fund
governing the confidentiality of information. accountability; Contract compliance; and Program performance.
PRICE WARRANT - The proposer shall warrant that the costs quoted for services in
CONFLICT OF INTEREST - All proposals submitted must contain a statement disclosing
response to the RFP are not in excess of those which would be charged any other individual
or denying any interest, financial or otherwise, that any employee or official of Clark County
or entity for the same services performed by the prospective contractor, in a similar
or the appropriate Advisory Board may have in the proposing agency or proposed project.
socioeconomic, geographical region.
CONSORTIUM OF AGENCIES - Any consortium of companies or agencies submitting a REQUEST for PROPOSALS - This solicitation is an invitation by Clark County for
proposal must certify that each company or agency of the consortium can meet the Proposers to submit an offer, which may be subject to subsequent discussions and
requirements set forth in the RFP. negotiations by the County and the Proposer. It is not a request for a competitive bid.
A Proposal means any document, submittal, interview presentation, negotiation, and
COST OF PROPOSAL & AWARD - The contract award will not be final until Clark County everything and anything provided in response to this RFP regardless of whether the
and the prospective contractor have executed a contractual agreement. The contractual submission is an oral or written submission.
agreement consists of the following parts: (a) the basic provisions and general terms and Clark County reserves the right to accept or reject any or all proposals received as a result
conditions, (b) the special terms and conditions, (c) the project description and goals of this RFP, to negotiate with any or all prospective contractors on modifications to
(Statement of Work), and (d) the budget and payment terms. Clark County is not proposals, to waive formalities, to postpone award, or to cancel in part or in its entirety this
responsible for any costs incurred prior to the effective date of the contract. Clark County RFP if it is in the best interest of Clark County to do so.
reserves the right to make an award without further negotiation of the proposal submitted.
Therefore, the proposal should be submitted in final form from a budgetary, technical, and PROTESTS - Must be submitted to the Purchasing Department within 3 business days of
programmatic standpoint. receipt of Letter of Notice.
DISPUTES - Clark County encourages the use of informal resolution to address complaints PUBLIC SAFETY - May require limiting access to public work sites, public facilities, and
or disputes arising over any actions in implementing the provisions of this RFP. Written public offices, sometimes without advance notice. The successful Proposer's employees
complaints should be addressed to Clark County - Purchasing, P.O. Box 5000, Vancouver, and agents shall carry sufficient identification to show by whom they are employed and
Washington 98666-5000. display it upon request to security personnel. County project managers have discretion
to require the successful Proposer's employees and agents to be escorted to and from
DIVERSITY IN EMPLOYMENT AND CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS - It is the any public office, facility or work site if national or local security appears to require it.
policy of Clark County to require equal opportunity in employment and services subject
SALES TAX - Out of State Businesses - WA State Reporting Thresholds & Nexus
to eligibility standards that may be required for a specific program. Clark County is an
https://dor.wa.gov/education/industry-guides/out-state-businesses-reporting-thresholds-
equal opportunity employer and is committed to providing equal opportunity in
and-nexus Businesses operating outside WA State must register to report B&O tax and
employment and in access to the provision of all county services. Clark County's Equal
collect/submit applicable sales tax, if the business meets any of the following thresholds in
Employment Opportunity Plan is available at . This commitment applies regardless of
the current or prior year:
race, color, religion, creed, sex, marital status, national origin, disability, age, veteran
* Has physical presence nexus in Washington.
status, on-the-job injury, or sexual orientation. Employment decisions are made without
* Has more than $100,000 in combined gross receipts sourced or attributed to
consideration of these or any other factors that are prohibited by law. In compliance with
Washington.
department of Labor Regulations implementing Section 504 of the rehabilitation Act of
1973, as amended, no qualified handicapped individual shall be discriminated against * Is organized or commercially domiciled in Washington.
in admission or access to any program or activity. The prospective contractor must agree
SUBCONTRACTING - No activities or services included as a part of this proposal may
to provide equal opportunity in the administration of the contract, and its subcontracts or
be subcontracted to another organization, firm, or individual without the approval of
other agreements.
Clark County. Such intent to subcontract shall be clearly identified in the proposal. It is
understood that the contractor is held responsible for the satisfactory accomplishment
MUNICIPAL RESEARCH and SERVICE CENTER - Clark County (WA) contracts with
of the service or activities included in a subcontract.
the Municipal Research and Service Center (MRSC) to maintain our Consultant, Small
Works and Vendor rosters. To be eligible to participate in this Clark County public VERBAL PROPOSALS - Verbal proposals will not be considered in making the award of
solicitation and the resulting contract, your business must be registered with the MRSC any contract as a result of this RFP.
Rosters. Failure to register may result in your proposal being marked nonresponsive.
Be sure to select Clark County in your application. If you have questions about the WORKERS COMPENSATION INSURANCE - The contractor shall comply with R.C.W.
registration process, contact the MRSC Rosters at 206-436-3798 or Title 51- with minimum coverage limits of $500,000 for each accident, or provide
https://mrscrosters.org/businesses/business-membership/ evidence that State law does not require such coverage.
INDEPENDENT PRICE DETERMINATION - The prospective contractor guarantees that, FOR ALTERNATIVE FORMATS
in connection with this proposal, the prices and/or cost data have been arrived at Clark County ADA Office: V: 564-397-2322
independently, without consultation, communication, or agreement for the purpose of ADA@clark.wa.gov

Request for Proposals
Table of Contents
PART I PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS
Section IA: General Information
1. Introduction
2. Municipal Research and Services Center (MRSC)
3. Letter of Interest
4. Interlocal Cooperation Act
5. Background
6. Scope of Project
7. Project Funding
8. Title VI Statement
9. Timeline for Selection
10. Employment Verification
Section IB: Work Requirements
1. Required Services
2. County Performed Work
3. Deliverables and Schedule
4. Place of Performance
5. Period of Performance
6. Prevailing Wage
7. Debarred / Suspended
8. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Information
9. Public Disclosure
10. Insurance/Bond
11. Plan Holders List
PART II PROPOSAL PREPARATION AND SUBMITTAL
Section IIA: Pre-Submittal Meeting/Clarification
1. Pre-Submittal Meeting
2. Proposal Clarification
Section IIB: Proposal Submission
1. Proposals Due
2. Proposal
Section IIC: Proposal Content
1. Cover Sheet
2. Project Team
3. Management Approach
4. Respondent's Capabilities
5. Project Approach and Understanding
6. Proposed Cost
PART III PROPOSAL EVALUATION & CONTRACT AWARD
Section IIIA: Proposal Review and Selection
1. Evaluation and Selection
2. Evaluation Criteria Scoring
Section IIIB: Contract Award
1. Consultant Selection
2. Contract Development
3. Award Review
4. Orientation/Kick-off Meeting
ATTACHMENTS A: Proposal Cover Sheet
B: Letter of Interest
C: Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension and Other Responsibility Matters Form

Request for Proposal #967
Bond Counsel Services
EXHIBITS A. Debt Policy
B. County Debt Report
C. Sample of Clark County Professional Services Contract

Request for Proposal #967
Bond Counsel Services
Part I Proposal Requirements
Section IA General Information
1. Introduction Clark County, Washington is issuing this Request for Proposals (RFP) to identify municipal
bond attorneys for the purpose of providing bond counsel services to the County for a minimum of
five (5) years.
The selected Proposer will advise and assist the County with all aspects of debt financing,
including planning and coordination, drafting necessary documents, tax law compliance and
related legal advice.
For the purposes of this RFP, 'County' refers to Clark County Council, offices and
departments, unless otherwise specified. The proposing bond counsel firm is referred to as
'Proposer'.
Proposers shall respond to all sections to be considered.
2. Municipal Research Clark County, (WA) contracts with the Municipal Research and Service Center (MRSC) to
and Service Center maintain our Consultant Rosters. To be eligible to participate in this public solicitation and the
(MRSC) resulting contract your business must be registered with the MRSC Rosters.
Failure to register may result in your proposal being marked non-responsive. Be sure to select
Clark County in your application. If you have questions about the registration process, contact
the MRSC Rosters at 206-436-3798 or https://mrscrosters.org/businesses/business-
membership/
3. Letter of Interest If your company contact details are not on the Plan Holder List at
https://clark.wa.gov/internal-services/request-proposal-1
Attachment B, Letter of Interest must be submitted to participate in this RFP.
4. Interlocal Clark County has made this Request for Proposal and the resulting contract(s) subject to
Cooperation Act Washington State statute 39.34 RCW Interlocal Cooperation Act. The proposer may opt to
extend identical services and prices to qualified public agencies. Each contract is between the
proposer and individual agency binding only their agency, with no liability to Clark County. 39.80
RCW Contracts for Architectural and Engineering Services requires qualifications-based
selection, do not submit costs with proposal.
5. Background Clark County is located in southwest Washington, immediately north of Portland, Oregon. The
county covers 627 square miles, from the Columbia River on the south and west, to the Lewis River
and the foothills of the Cascade Mountains on the north and east. The county has an estimated
population of over 550,000 residents. Clark County government is a political subdivision of the
State of Washington, and the Clark County Council serves as the governing body.
The Clark County Council authorizes all county related debt issuances. The Clark County
Treasurer's Office, which is headed by an independently elected Treasurer, manages the debt
issuance process, as well as ongoing debt service and disclosure requirements. The
Treasurer's Office also manages the bond counsel contract.
The Prosecuting Attorney reviews the qualifications of bond counsel and, in his or her
discretion, may deputize bond counsel as a Special Deputy Prosecuting Attorney. The Clark

Request for Proposal #967
Bond Counsel Services
County Prosecuting Attorney may, in his or her discretion, revoke the deputization of bond
counsel during the term of the contract. The bond counsel contract that is the subject of this
RFP is contingent upon receiving and maintaining special deputization by the Clark County
Prosecuting Attorney.
Currently the county's debt portfolio consists mostly of general obligation debt. All debt issuances
must comply with the county's debt policy which is approved by the Clark County Council and the
County Finance Committee, which is made up by the County Council Chair, County Auditor and
County Treasurer. The debt policy was last reviewed and updated in May 2025.
The County retains a financial advisor to assist with matters of debt and finance. Currently the county is
contracted with PFM Financial Advisors LLC. Typically, the county utilizes a competitive bid process
as the method of sale. The county does recognize there are other methods of sale and has
participated in them as well.
The county's current general obligation rating is Aa1 by Moody's. This rating was last affirmed
October 2024. As of June 30, 2026, Clark County had approximately $67 million in limited tax
general obligation debt outstanding. The county has no unlimited tax general obligation debt
outstanding. The most recent debt issued by the County was in October 2024. There is a $32
million debt issuance anticipated for the remainder of 2026 and an additional $12 million in 2029
to finance projects at the Clark County Fairgrounds. Additionally, the County is seeking voter
approval in the November 3, 2026, general election to incur voted indebtedness in a principal
amount not to exceed $366,204,000. This issuance would fund the acquisition, construction,
remodel, and equipping of public safety and criminal justice infrastructure in the county,
including the remodel and expansion of the Clark County Jail and courtrooms and a new or
remodeled Sheriff's Office Headquarters. If the voted indebtedness is approved by the voters
of the county, the county anticipates using such bond authorization to issue unlimited tax
general obligation bonds in the approximate amount of $181 million in 2027 and in the
approximate amount of $185 million from 2029 to 2030.
6. Scope of Project The range of services provided by bond counsel can be narrow or broad and frequently varies
by bond issuance. The amount of work necessary to perform the same services can be quite
different between financings and depends largely upon the nature and complexity of the
issuance.
Through their response the Proposer must demonstrate an ability to provide the following services:
1. Advise Clark County and its consultants in oral and written formats on relevant legal
requirements, including state and federal income tax and securities laws, and potential
legislation that might impact future financing;
2. Review transcripts relating to prior county issuances and outstanding obligations, to
assure conformity of the bonds with applicable covenants and conditions and
recommend provisions as appropriate;
3. Perform the necessary factual and legal analysis to assure exclusion from gross income
for federal income tax purposes of the interest on bonds, including the preparation of tax
exemption and non-arbitrage certificates and calculating the yield of the bonds, if
applicable;
4. Coordinate and perform initial debt issuance planning activities;
5. Draft and finalize resolutions, ordinances, escrow agreements notice of sale, arbitrage
certificates and all other documents necessary to authorize the bonds to be sold and
issued;

Request for Proposal #967
Bond Counsel Services
6. Attend meetings relating to the sale and issuance of the bonds as requested by the
County;
7. Draft, review, and finalize preliminary and final official statements. Offer assistance to
the county to ensure accuracy and completeness as to the description of the bonds,
continuing disclosure undertaking, and the federal tax treatment of the interest on the
bonds;
8. Prepare and assemble the transcript and closing documents necessary to support the
issuance of the bonds and provide the county with paper and electronic copies of the
transcript;
9. Provide opinions of enforceability and tax-exemption, as applicable, in relation to any
proposed bonds;
10. Give advice to county staff and consultants regarding the applicability of the registration
requirements under the Securities Act of 1933 or regarding federal and state securities
disclosure requirements or due diligence review;
11. Prepare supplemental opinions required of bond counsel by the county underwriter of
county obligations in connection with their issuance;
12. Present and respond to inquiries from county elected officials, staff and vendors;
13. Provide litigation support;
14. Seek or obtain governmental assistance or approvals from governmental agencies other
than the county, necessary for the acquisition, construction, equipping, improving and
financing of public buildings, facilities or utilities to be acquired by the county;
15. Negotiate and draft contracts or credit enhancements (other than bond insurance),
including contracts with owners of property included within local improvement districts
formed by the county, or disputes or litigation in connection therewith;
16. Draft or negotiate bond purchase agreements (though, as a matter of course, bond
counsel will review such agreements to assure that they contain only the traditional
provisions and suggest changes to protect the county), reimbursement agreements or
similar agreements related to the issuance of the bonds; attendance at rating agency or
public information meetings in connection with the issuance of bonds;
17. Extensive post-issuance consultation regarding tax-exemption, disclosure or other
matters;
18. Demonstrate community involvement within Washington State;
19. Provide all other services normally performed by bond counsel; and,
20. Provide consultation regarding general debt questions not related to specific bond
issues.
In all cases, bond counsel will work closely with the County Treasurer and/or personnel of the
County Prosecuting Attorney and County Council offices. This may include reviewing, at their
request, any documents relating financing(s).

Request for Proposal #967
Bond Counsel Services
7. Project Funding Funding will be appropriated by the County in the annual budget for payment of the services
to be performed. Funding may also be provided on a case-by-case basis as determined by
the costs of a specific bond issuance.
8. Title VI Title VI Statement
Statement Clark County, in accordance with the provisions of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (78
Stat. 252, 42 U.S.C. 2000d to 2000d 4) and the Regulations, hereby notifies all bidders that
it will affirmatively ensure that any contract entered into pursuant to this advertisement,
disadvantaged business enterprises will be afforded full and fair opportunity to submit bids in
response to this invitation and will not be discriminated against on the grounds of race, color, or
national origin in consideration for an award.
El Condado de Clark, de acuerdo con las disposiciones del Titulo VI de la Ley de Derechos
Civiles de 1964 (78 Stat. 252, 42 U.S.C. 2000d a 2000d 4) y el Reglamento, por la presente
notifica a todos los postores que se asegurara afirmativamente de que cualquier contrato
celebrado de conformidad con este anuncio, las empresas comerciales desfavorecidas tendran
la oportunidad plena y justa de presentar ofertas en respuesta a esta invitacion y no seran
discriminadas por motivos de raza, color u origen nacional en consideracion a un laudo.
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9. Timeline for The following dates are the intended timeline
Selection
Deadline for Questions and Answers October 14, 2026
Final Date for Addendum, if needed October 19, 2026
Proposal Due October 28, 2026, 11:00 am PST
Proposal Review/ Evaluation Period October 29 - November 23, 2026
Selection Committee Recommendation November 30 - December 4, 2026
Contract Negotiation/ Execution November 30 - December 18, 2026
Contract Intended to Begin January 1, 2027
10. Employment The Proposer, if awarded the Contract, shall register and enter into a Memorandum of
Verification Understanding (MOU) with the Department of Homeland Security E-Verify program before
execution of the Contract. The Contractor shall ensure all Contractor employees and any sub-
contractor(s) assigned to perform work under this Agreement are eligible to work in the United

Request for Proposal #967
Bond Counsel Services
States. The Contractor shall provide verification of compliance upon County request. Failure by
Contractor to comply with this subsection shall be considered a material breach.
(Sole Proprietors must submit a letter stating such.)
Section IB Work Requirements
1. Required Services The required services for this RFP are specifically outlined in section IA6.
2. County Performed The county will work closely with the Proposer on all financing. The County must approve all
Work debt issuances. County staff will review and edit all documents, provide subject matter experts
as needed, fulfill data requests, and assist with all presentations.
3. Deliverables & This is a suggested schedule and is subject to change:
Schedule
After negotiations and contract approval by the County, services will be utilized on an as
needed basis.
4. Place of Contract performance may take place in the county's facility, the Proposer's facility, a third-
Performance party location or any combination thereof. Due to budget limitations and environmental/
sustainability considerations, the Treasurer's Office and county prefer to utilize online
meetings as much as possible.
5. Period of A contract awarded as a result of this RFP will be for five (5) years and is intended to begin on
Performance January 1, 2027 and end December 31, 2031.
Total contract value including extensions will be determined by evaluating funds requested in
the selected proposal(s) and approved funding.
Clark County reserves the right to extend the contract resulting from this RFP for a period of
four (4) additional years, in two (2) year increments, with the same terms and conditions, with
the exception of cost, by service of a written notice of its intention to do so prior to the contract
termination date. Cost for additional option year(s) shall be reviewed prior to extension of the
contract.
The county also reserves the right to terminate the contract, with thirty (30) days written notice,
at any time if the requirements of the contract are not being met satisfactorily, solely in the
county's judgment.
6. Prevailing Wage Pursuant to Washington State RCW 39.12 PREVAILING WAGES ON PUBLIC WORKS all
Applicable to all work identified in this project as a public work requires the contractor to pay Washington State
public work as prevailing wages and file all affidavits of intent to pay with the WA State Dept of Labor &
defined in Industries.
RCW 39.04.010(4)
Public Works Contractors shall meet the requirements for Prevailing Wage and public works requirements,
Definition per RCW 39.04.350 BIDDER RESPONSIBILITY CRITERIA - SWORN STATMENT -
SUPPLEMENTAL CRITERIA.

Request for Proposal #967
Bond Counsel Services
For this project select the Clark County rates that apply on the proposal closing date from
either of these sites:
http://www.lni.wa.gov/TradesLicensing/PrevWage/WageRates
Before payment is made by the Local Agency of any sums due under this contract, the Local
Agency must receive from the Contractor and each Subcontractor a copy of "Statement of
Intent to Pay Prevailing Wages" (Form L & I Number 700-29) approved by the Washington
State Department of Labor and Industries.
A fee of $45.00 per each "Statement of Intent to Pay Prevailing Wages" and "Affidavit of
Wages Paid" is required to accompany each form submitted to this Department of Labor and
Industries. The Contractor is responsible for payment of these fees and shall make all
applications directly to the Department of Labor and Industries. These fees shall be incidental
to all the proposed items of this contract.
7. Debarred/Suspended F e d e r a l l y or Washington State debarred or suspended suppliers may not participate in this
Request for Proposal.
All proposers must fill out, sign and submit the "Certification Regarding Debarment,
Suspension, and Other Responsibility Matters" form with their proposal to be eligible to
participate.
8. Americans with Clark County in accordance with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (Section 504) and the
Disabilities Act (ADA) Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), commits to nondiscrimination on the basis of disability,
Information in all of its programs and activities. This material can be made available in an alternate format
by emailing ADA@clark.wa.gov or by calling 564-397-2322.
9. Public Disclosure This procurement is subject to the Washington Public Records Act (the "Act"), chapter 42.56
RCW. Once in the County's possession, all of the RFP Submittals shall be considered public
records and available for public records inspection and copying, unless exempt under the Act.
If a Respondent or Proposer considers any portion of an RFP Submittal to be protected under
the law, whether in electronic or hard copy form, the Respondent or Proposer shall clearly
identify each such portion with the word "PROPRIETARY". The County will notify the
Respondent or Proposer in writing of the request and allow the Respondent or Proposer ten
(10) days to obtain a court order enjoining release of the record(s). If the Respondent or
Proposer does not take such action within the ten (10) day period, the County will release the
portions of the RFP Submittal deemed subject to disclosure. All Respondents and Proposers
who provide RFP Submittals for this procurement accept the procedures described above and
agree that the County shall not be responsible or liable in any way for any losses that the party
may incur from the disclosure of records to a third party who requests them.
10. Insurance/Bond A. Waiver of Subrogation
All insurance coverage maintained or procured pursuant to this agreement shall be endorsed to
waive subrogation against County, its elected or appointed officers, agents, officials, employees
and volunteers or shall specifically allow Contractor or others providing insurance evidence in
compliance with these specifications to waive their right of subrogation prior to a loss. Contractor
hereby waives its own right of subrogation against County and shall require similar written
express waivers and insurance clauses from each of its subcontractors.